高中英语总结大全
高中英语总结大全【1】
名词
名词概论
名词可以分为专有名词(Proper Nouns)和普通名词 (mon Nouns)，专有名词是某个(些)人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。
普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。
普通名词又可分为下面四类：
个体名词(Individual Nouns)：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。
集体名词(Collective Nouns)：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。
物质名词(Material Nouns)：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air。
抽象名词(Abstract Nouns)：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work。
个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词(Countable Nouns)，物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)。
归纳一下，名词的分类可以下图表示：
名
词 专有名词
普通名词 个体名词 可数名词
集体名词
物质名词 不可数名词
抽象名词
名词复数的规则变化
情况 构成方法 读音 例词
一般情况 加 -s 1.清辅音后读/s/;
2.浊辅音和元音后读 /z/ map-maps
bag-bags
car-cars
以s, sh, ch, x等结尾的词 加 -es 读 /iz/ bus-buses watch-watches
ce, se, ze, (d)ge等结尾的词 加 -s 读 /iz/ license-licenses
以辅音字母+y结尾的词 变y 为i再加es 读 /z/ baby---babies
其它名词复数的规则变化
1) 以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数：
如：two Marys the Henrys
monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays
比较： 层楼：storey ---storeys story---stories
2) 以o 结尾的名词，变复数时：
a. 加s，如： photo---photos piano---pianos
radio---radios zoo---zoos;
b. 加es，如：potato—potatoes tomato—tomatoes
c. 均可，如：zero---zeros / zeroes
3) 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时：
a. 加s，如： belief---beliefs roof---roofs
safe---safes gulf---gulfs;
b. 去f, fe 加-ves，如：half---halves
knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves
wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves;
c. 均可,如：handkerchief:
handkerchiefs / handkerchieves
名词复数的不规则变化
1)child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth
mouse---mice man---men woman---women
注意：与 man 和 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是 -men 和-women。
如： an Englishman，two Englishmen. 但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans;Bowman是姓，其复数是the Bowmans。
2)单复同形如：
deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese
li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin
但除人民币元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。
如:
a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters
3)集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。
如： people police cattle 等本身就是复数，不能说 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以说
高中英语总结大全【2】
不定式的构成
1. 不定式的构成 不定式是由不定式符号to+动词原形构成，在某些情况下to也可省略。
不定式一般有时式和语态的变化，通常有下表中的几种形式(以do为例)： 主动式 被动式 一般式 to do to be done 完成式 to have done to have been done 进行式 to be doing / 完成进行式 to have been doing /
1) 不定式的一般式 不定式的一般式所表示的动作通常与主要谓语的动作同时或几乎同时发生，或是在它之后发生。
如： They invited us to go there this summer. 他们邀请我们今年夏天去那儿。
He stood aside for me to pass. 他站到一边让我通过。
2) 不定式的完成式 不定式的完成式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之后发生，它在句中可作表语、状语、宾语，有时也可作主语、定语等。
如： She seemed to have heard about this matter. 她似乎已听说过这件事。
I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long. 我很抱歉让你等了这么久。
I meant to have told you about it, but I happened to have an important thing to do. 我本来想告诉你这件事的，但我碰巧有一件重要的事要做。
It has been an honor for me to have traveled so much in your country. 对我来说，在你们国家旅行这么多地方是一件很荣幸的事情。
3) 不定式的进行式 不定式的进行式表示正在进行的与谓语动词同时发生的动作。
它在句中可以用作除谓语以外的所有成分。
如： It’s nice of you to be helping us these days. 你真好，这些天一直帮我们。
He pretended to be listening to the teacher carefully. 他假装在认真地听老师讲课。
We didn’t expect you to be waiting for us here. 我们没料到你一直在这儿等我们。
4) 不定式的完成进行式 如果不定式表示的.动作是谓语所表示
5) 动词不定式的否定形式是由not或never加不定式构成。
如： Try not to be late again next time. 尽量下次不要再迟到。
He wished us never to meet her again. 他希望我们永远不要再见到她。
6) 疑问词+动词不定式： 不定式和疑问词whether, what, which, whom, where, when, how, why等连用可以在句中起名词的作用，通常跟在tell, know, show, decide, learn, wonder, explain, advise, teach, discuss, find out等动词后面作宾语，有时也可以充当主语、表语等。
如： On hearing the news, he didn't know whether to laugh or to cry. 听到这个消息，他不知道该哭还是该笑。
When to hold the meeting has not decided. 什么时候开会还没有决定。
The most important problem is how to get so much money. 最重要的事情是如何搞到这么多钱。
介词后一般不直接接不定式，但可以接疑问词+不定式短语作宾语。
如： Mary gave some advice on how to learn English. 玛丽提了一些如何学习英语的建议。
I have no idea of how to do it. 我不知道该怎么做。
高中英语总结大全【3】
同位语从句
1. 定义：用作同位语的从句叫做同位语从句。
2. 用法：同位语从句的先行词多为fact, news, idea, thought, question, reply, report, remark等，关联词多用从属连词that。
如： They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick. 对你生病这件事，他们都很焦虑。
Where did you get the idea that I could not come? 你在哪儿听说我不能来? Early in the day came the news that Germany had declared war on Russia. 德国已对俄国宣战的消息一大早就传来了。
注：同位语从句偶尔由从属连词whether引导。
如： I have no idea whether he’ll come or not. 我不知道他是否来。
连接代词who, which, what和连接副词where, when, why, how亦可引导同位语从句。
The question who should do the work requires consideration. 谁该干这项工作，这个问题需要考虑。
We haven't yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation. 到哪儿去度暑假，这个问题我们还没有决定。
It is a question how he did it. 那是一个他如何做了此事的问题。
解释： 1.that引导的同位语从句与定语从句之区别 that引导的同位语从句 that引导的定语从句 句法功能上 that只起连接从句的作用，无意义。
在从句中不充当句子成分。
不可省。
that替代先行词在从句中不仅起连接作用，还充当一个句子成分。
如在从句中作动词的宾语时可省略。
意义上 从句是被修饰名词的内容。
从句起限定作用，是定语 如：The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true. (同位语从句，that不可省。
) 李先生将是我们的新英语老师这个消息是真的。
The news (that) he told me yesterday is true. (定语从句，that在从句中作told的宾语，可省。
) 他昨天告诉我的消息是真的。
2.一些表示“建议、命令、要求”的名词后所跟的同位语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气should+动词原形表示。
should可省。
如： This is our only request that this (should) be settled as soon as possible. 这就是我们唯一的请求：尽快解决这个问题。
测试： A. 用适当的连接词填空：
1. It worried her a bit her hair was turning gray.
2. I have no idea we can do with these waste materials.
3. the doctor really doubts is my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.
4. It is hoped nature will never be destroyed.
5. do you guess will give a talk on English tomorrow?
6. ---- I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week. ---- Is that you had a few days off?
7. Word came I was wanted at the office.
8. Do you know of them will be our new headmaster?
9. The teacher didn't tell me we were wrong.
10. It's generally considered unwise to give a child he or she wants.
B. 单项选择：
1. It was true Alice did surprised her mother. A. that B. what C. that, what D. what, that
2. Does matter much he can't come to the meeting. A. it, if B. that, if C. it, whether D. this, whether
3. ----What are you anxious about? ---- . A. How can we succeed B. Whether we can succeed C. When can we succeed D. That we can succeed
4. The reason the little actress has been such a success is she is both clever and hard-working. A. why, why B. why, that C. that, because D. for, because
5. leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights. A. Who B. Whoever C. Anyone D. The person
6. I really don't know ____________ I had this photo taken. A. where it was that B. it was that C. where it was D. it was why
7. Dr. Black comes from either Oxford or Cambridge. I can't remember . A. where B. there C. which D. that
8. ----What do you think of China? --- different life is today from it used to be. A. How, what B. What, what C. How, that D. What, that
9. Give this to you think can do the work well. A. who B. whom C. whoever D. whomever
10. troubles me is I can't learn all these English idioms by heart. A. That, that B. What, what C. That, what D. What, that
答案: A. 1. that 2. what 3. what, whether 4. that 5. who 6. why 7. that 8. which 9. where 10. whatever B. 1-5 CABBB 6-10 ACACD
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